Assessment of postoperative pain in patients undergoing temporomandibular joint arthroscopy with infiltration of dexamethasone disodium phosphate in different concentrations. A randomized controlled trial.

The main aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of intra-articular, sub-synovial steroid injections (IASSSI) with different doses during temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthroscopy. Using a single-blind, randomized clinical trial, the investigators enrolled a sample of subjects who underwent TMJ arthroscopy with vs. without IASSSI for treating TMJ disorder (TMD). The predictor variable was the treatment group classified as no treatment (A - without IASSSI) or active treatments (IASSSI (B) with 2 mg or (C) 4-mg dexamethasone). Study medications were randomly assigned. Only subjects were blinded to treatment assignment. The main outcome variables included the following: 1) pain assessed up to postoperative day 30 with the McGill Pain Questionnaire and visual analog scale (VAS); 2) maximum mouth opening (MMO); and 3) analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug consumption. Other variables were demographic (age, sex) or pathologic (disease manifestations and classifications). Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.5, one-tailed test of hypothesis. The sample comprised 36 patients (n = 12 per study group). In the active group with 4 mg corticosteroids, pain reduction measured by VAS (odds ratio [OR] = 0.18; p = 0.013) and McGill scale scores (OR = 0.15; p = 0.048) was significantly higher than in the control group. The McGill scale scores significantly decreased in both IASSSI groups, compared to the control group, at the final follow-up (all p < 0.012), and IASSSI was significantly associated with reduced analgesic consumption at postoperative days 7 and 14 (p = 0.003). However, there was no significant difference regarding MMO among the three groups. Within the limitations of the study, it seems that intra-articular, sub-synovial steroid injections (IASSSI) with 4 mg dexamethasone should be preferred whenever appropriate when pain relief is the priority of the procedure. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBec)- 28yb2g.

Determining Accessibility of Anterior Cervicothoracic Spine Based on Age and Gender: Radiographic Analysis of Computed Tomography Scans.

Objective The approachability of the cervicothoracic region anteriorly based on age and gender, and the possibility of anatomic variances in different geographic populations have not been previously investigated. The aim of the present work was to perform a radiographic analysis of Brazilian patients to assess anterior approachability of the cervicothoracic junction based on age and gender. Methods Retrospective radiographic analysis of 300 computed tomography scans. Patients were separated based on age and gender. The radiographic parameters studied were: horizontal level above the sternum (HLS), vertebral body angle (VBA), intervertebral disc line (IDL), and intervertebral disc line angulation (IDLA). Results The most frequent HLS and IDL were T2 (34.3%) and C7-T1 (46%) respectively. Vertebral body angleand IDLA had average values of 18 ± 8.94 and 19 ± 7.9 degrees, respectively. Males had higher values in both IDLA ( p = 0.003) and VBA ( p = 0.02). Older groups had higher values in both IDLA ( p = 0.01) and VBA ( p = 0.001). No differences were observed in HLS between gender ( p = 0.3) or age groups ( p = 0.79). No differences were seen in IDL between gender groups ( p = 0.3); however, the older group had a more caudal level than the younger groups ( p = 0.12). Conclusions Compared to other populations, our sample had a more cephalad IDL and HLS. Vertebral body angle and IDLA were higher in males and higher angles for VBA and IDLA were shown for older groups. Intervertebral disc line was more caudal with aging.

Determining Accessibility of Anterior Cervicothoracic Spine Based on Age and Gender: Radiographic Analysis of Computed Tomography Scans / Determinação da capacidade de acesso anterior à coluna cervicotorácica conforme idade e gênero: Análise radiográfica de imagens de tomografia computadorizada

Abstract Objective The approachability of the cervicothoracic region anteriorly based on age and gender, and the possibility of anatomic variances in different geographic populations have not been previously investigated. The aim of the present work was to perform a radiographic analysis of Brazilian patients to assess anterior approachability of the cervicothoracic junction based on age and gender. Methods Retrospective radiographic analysis of 300 computed tomography scans. Patients were separated based on age and gender. The radiographic parameters studied were: horizontal level above the sternum (HLS), vertebral body angle (VBA), intervertebral disc line (IDL), and intervertebral disc line angulation (IDLA). Results The most frequent HLS and IDL were T2 (34.3%) and C7-T1 (46%) respectively. Vertebral body angleand IDLA had average values of 18 ± 8.94 and 19 ± 7.9 degrees, respectively. Males had higher values in both IDLA (p= 0.003) and VBA (p= 0.02). Older groups had higher values in both IDLA (p= 0.01) and VBA (p= 0.001). No differences were observed in HLS between gender (p= 0.3) or age groups (p= 0.79). No differences were seen in IDL between gender groups (p= 0.3); however, the older group had a more caudal level than the younger groups (p= 0.12). ConclusionsCompared to other populations, our sample had a more cephalad IDL and HLS. Vertebral body angle and IDLA were higher in males and higher angles for VBA and IDLA were shown for older groups. Intervertebral disc line was more caudal with aging.

Resumo Objetivo A capacidade de acesso anterior à região cervicotorácica com base na idade e gênero do paciente e a possibilidade de variações anatômicas em diferentes populações geográficas ainda não foram investigadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise radiográfica de pacientes brasileiros para avaliar a acessibilidade anterior da junção cervicotorácica conforme idade e gênero. Métodos Análise radiográfica retrospectiva de 300 tomografias computadorizadas. Os pacientes foram separados por idade e gênero. Os parâmetros radiográficos estudados foram: nível horizontal acima do esterno (HLS, na sigla em inglês), angulação do corpo vertebral (VBA, na sigla em inglês), linha do disco intervertebral (IDL, na sigla em inglês) e angulação da linha do disco intervertebral (IDLA, na sigla em inglês). Resultados Os HLS e IDL mais frequentes foram T2 (34,3%) e C7-T1 (46%), respectivamente. Os valores médios de VBA e IDLA foram de 18 ± 8,94 e 19 ± 7,9 graus, respectivamente. Os homens apresentaram valores maiores de IDLA (p= 0,003) e VBA (p= 0,02). Os grupos de maior idade apresentaram valores maiores de IDLA (p= 0,01) e VBA (p= 0,001). Não houve diferenças de HLS entre os gêneros masculino e feminino (p= 0,3) ou faixas etárias (p= 0,79). Não foram observadas diferenças na IDL entre os gêneros masculino e feminino (p= 0,3); entretanto, o grupo mais velho apresentou nível mais caudal do que os grupos mais jovens (p= 0,12). ConclusõesEm comparação a outras populações, nossa amostra apresentou IDL e HLS mais cefálicos. AVBA e a IDLA foram maiores no gênero masculino, enquanto VBA e IDLA foram maiores em grupos mais velhos. A IDL era mais caudal em pacientes idosos.

Natural history of lumbar canal stenosis: clinical aspects and sagittal balance / História natural da estenose do canal lombar: aspectos clínicos e do equilíbrio sagital / Historia natural de la estenosis del canal lumbar: aspectos clínicos y del equilibrio sagital

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the sagittal alignment (SA) parameters in individuals with LCS and surgical indication with a control group and to study the correlations between SA parameters and ODI, VAS and EQ-5D in individuals with LCS and surgical indication. Methods In this multicenter cross-sectional case-control study, the individuals were allocated as follows. A stenosis group (SG) composed by patients with LCS confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging with surgical indication, treated between July 2010 and August 2016 and a control group (CG), without LCS. All subjects underwent anamnesis, completed the Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and total spine radiographs were taken. Clinical data, HRQoL and radiographic parameters were correlated. Results Sixty-four individuals formed the SG and 14 the CG. The SG had higher values of mean age, coronal imbalance, sagittal vertical axis (SVA), pelvic tilt (PT), sacrofemoral distance (SFD), overhang (OH), PI-LL mismatch, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain and smaller thoracic kyphosis (TK), total (TLPL) and regional lumbopelvic lordosis (RLPL) in all vertebrae, sagittal offset (SO) in all evaluated vertebrae and EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) with p <0.05. In the SG, the only significant correlations (p <0.05) were between TK and ODI and EQ-5D; all the other sagittal parameters did not correlated with VAS, ODI or EQ-5D. Conclusion SG had SA parameters altered in relation to CG. There was a direct correlation between decrease in TK and worsening of ODI and EQ-5D in SG. Level of evidence: III; Case Control Study.

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar parâmetros do AS em indivíduos portadores de EDL com indicação cirúrgica aos de uma população controle; estudar a correlação entre os questionários ODI, VAS e EQ-5D a parâmetros do AS nos portadores de EDL com indicação cirúrgica. Métodos Estudo transversal multicêntrico tipo caso-controle. Grupo estenose (GE) composto por portadores de EDL, confirmada por Ressonância Nuclear Magnética, com indicação cirúrgica, atendidos entre Julho de 2010 a agosto de 2016. Grupo controle (GC) sem EDL. Todos os indivíduos realizaram anamnese, responderam questionários de qualidade de vida e realizaram radiografias de coluna total. Dados clínicos, questionários e parâmetros radiográficos foram correlacionados. Resultados 64 indivíduos formaram o GE e 14 o GC. GE apresentou valores maiores de idade média, desequilíbrio coronal, sagital vertical index (SVA), pelvic tilt (PT), sacrofemoral distance (SFD), overhang (OH), missmatch PI - LL, Owestry Disability Index (ODI), Visual Analogic Scale (VAS) e valores menores de cifose torácica, lordose lombopélvica total e regional em todas as vértebras, offset sagital em todas as vértebras avaliadas e EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D), com p < 0,05. No GE, houve correlações significativas (p < 0,05) apenas entre TK e ODI e EQ-5D, sendo que todos os outros parâmetros sagitais não apresentaram correlação significativa com os questionários de qualidade de vida. Conclusão GE apresentou perda dos parâmetros de AS em relação ao GC. Houve correlação direta entre diminuição da TK e piora do ODI e EQ-5D no GE. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo de Caso Controle.

RESUMEN Objetivo Comparar los parámetros del alineamiento sagital (AS) en individuos con ECL e indicación quirúrgica con un grupo control y estudiar las correlaciones entre los parámetros de SA y ODI, EVA y EQ-5D en pacientes con ECL e indicación quirúrgica. Métodos En este estudio multicéntrico de casos y controles, los individuos fueron asignados como sigue. Un grupo estenosis (GE) compuesto por pacientes con ECL confirmada por imágenes de resonancia magnética con indicación quirúrgica, tratados entre julio de 2010 y agosto de 2016 y un grupo control (GC) sin ECL. Todos los individuos se sometieron a una anamnesis, respondieron el cuestionario de Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud (HRQoL) y se tomaran radiografías totales de la columna. Se relacionaron datos clínicos, HRQoL y parámetros radiográficos. Resultados Sesenta y cuatro individuos formaron el GE y 14 el GC. El GE tenía valores más altos de edad promedio, desequilibrio coronal, eje sagital vertical (ESV), inclinación pélvica (IP), distancia sacrofemoral (DSF), protuberancia (P), falta de emparejamiento IP -LL, Índice de Discapacidad de Oswestry (ODI), Escala Visual Analógica (VAS) para el dolor y menos cifosis torácica (CT), lordosis lumbopélvica total (LLPT) y regional (LLPR) en todas las vértebras, offset sagital (OS) en todas las vértebras evaluadas y EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D), con p < 0,05. En el GE, las únicas correlaciones significativas (p < 0,05) fueron entre TC y ODI y EQ-5D; todos los demás parámetros sagitales no se correlacionaron con EVA, ODI o EQ-5D. Conclusión El GE tuvo parámetros de AS alterados en relación con el GC. Hubo correlación directa entre la disminución de TC y el agravamiento del ODI y EQ-5D en el GE. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio de Caso Controle.

L5-s1 survival after interbody fusion by lateral approach until l5 in degenerative disease / Sobrevida de l5s1 após artrodese intersomática via lateral até l5 na doença degenerativa / Supervivencia de l5-s1 después de fusión intersomática por acceso lateral hasta l5 en enfermedad degenerativa

ABSTRACT Objectives: Whether or not to include L5-S1 in multiple level lumbar fusions is not yet a consensus in the literature. The option to preserve L5-S1 maintains the mobile segment and the possibility of a natural fit to the sagittal alignment of the lumbar spine. However, a long fusion above L5-S1 may accelerate the degenerative process and an extension to the sacrum may be necessary in the future. In this study, we evaluated the survival of the L5-S1 level after lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) of 3-4 levels up to L5 and attempted to identify risk factors that could guide the selection of cases. Methods: Retrospective study in a single center. Inclusion: Patients that submitted to interbody fusion (LLIF) from 3-4 levels to L5 due to degenerative spine disease with at least 5 years of follow-up. Exclusion: L5 sacralization or L5-S1 disc ankylosis. We evaluated the reoperation rate including L5-S1 disc. We reviewed the preoperative images regarding coronal Cobb angle, lumbar lordosis, pelvic incidence; distal fractional curve; radiographic classification of DDD (modified by Weiner and Pfirrmann), as well as demographics parameters. These parameters were compared between the case group (reoperated) and the control group. Results: Forty-seven patients were included achieving a success rate of inclusion of 81%; the mean age was 69.1 years, 83% were women, and the mean of operated levels was 3.2. The survival rate of L5-S1 level was 89.6% at 5-year follow-up. No differences were found between the groups regarding the parameter evaluated. Conclusions: The L5-S1 survival rate was 896% after LLIF of 3-4 levels up to L5 at 5-year follow-up. Statistically no risk factors were found to warrant preoperative inclusion of L5-S1. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective Study.

RESUMO Objetivos: Incluir ou não o nível L5-S1 nas artrodeses lombares de múltiplos níveis ainda não é consenso na literatura. A opção de preservar L5S1 mantem o segmento móvel e a possibilidade de um ajuste natural ao alinhamento sagital da coluna lombar artrodesada. Porém, uma fusão longa acima de L5S1 pode acelerar seu processo degerativo e uma extensão ao sacro pode ser necessária futuramente. Neste estudo avaliamos a sobrevida do nível L5S1 após fusão intersomática por via lateral (LLIF) de 3-4 níveis até L5 e tentamos identificar fatores de risco que possam guiar a seleção dos casos. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, em um único centro. Inclusão: pacientes submetidos a artrodese intersomática por LLIF de 3-4 níveis até L5 por doença degenerativa da coluna com ao menos cinco anos de seguimento. Exclusão: L5 sacralizada ou disco L5S1 anquilosado. Avaliamos a taxa de reoperação incluindo o disco L5S1. Revisamos as imagens pré-operatórias quanto: ângulo de Cobb coronal; lordose lombar; incidência pélvica; curva fracionada; classificações radiográficas de DDD (Weiner modificada e Pfirrman), além dos parâmetros demográficos. Tais parâmetros foram comparados entre o grupo caso (reoperados) e grupo controle. Resultados: 47 pacientes incluídos com uma taxa de sucesso de inclusão de 81%, idade média 69,1 anos, 83% mulheres, média de 3,2 níveis operados. Taxa de sobrevida do nível L5S1 foi de 89,6% em cinco anos de seguimento. Não encontramos significância estatística entre os grupos nos parâmetros avaliados. Conclusão: A taxa de sobrevida de L5S1 foi de 89,6% após LLIF de 3-4 níveis até L5 em cinco anos de seguimento. Estaticamente não foram encontrados fatores de risco que justifiquem inclusão pré-operatória de L5S1. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo Retrospectivo.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Objetivos: La inclusión o no de L5-S1 en fusiones lumbares de múltiples niveles aún no es un consenso en la literatura. La opción de preservar L5-S1 mantiene el segmento móvil y la posibilidad de un ajuste natural a la alineación sagital de la columna lumbar. Sin embargo, una fusión larga por encima de L5-S1 puede acelerar el proceso degenerativo y puede ser necesaria una extensión al sacro en el futuro. En este estudio, evaluamos la supervivencia del nivel L5-S1 después de la fusión intersomática lumbar lateral (LLIF) de 3-4 niveles hasta L5 e intentamos identificar los factores de riesgo que podrían guiar la selección de casos. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en un solo centro. Inclusión: Pacientes que se sometieron a fusión intersomática (LLIF) de 3-4 niveles a L5 debido a enfermedad degenerativa de la columna vertebral con al menos 5 años de seguimiento. Exclusión: Sacralización L5 o anquilosis del disco L5-S1. Se evaluó la tasa de reoperación incluyendo el disco L5-S1. Revisamos las imágenes preoperatorias con respecto al ángulo de Cobb coronal, lordosis lumbar, incidencia pélvica, curva fraccional distal, clasificación radiográfica DDD (modificada por Weiner y Pfirrmann), así como parámetros demográficos,. Estos parámetros se compararon entre el grupo de casos (nueva operación) y el grupo control. Resultados: Se incluyeron 41 pacientes que alcanzaron una tasa de éxito de inclusión del 81%; la edad promedio fue de 69,1 años, el 83% eran mujeres y el promedio de los niveles operados fue de 3,2. La tasa de supervivencia del nivel de L5-S1 fue del 89,6% a los 5 años de seguimiento. No encontramos diferencias entre los grupos con respecto al parámetro evaluado. Conclusiones: La tasa de supervivencia de L5-S1 fue del 89,6% después de LLIF de 3-4 niveles hasta L5 a los 5 años de seguimiento. Estadísticamente, no se observaron factores de riesgo que justificaran la inclusión preoperatoria de L5-S1. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio Retrospectivo.

Translation and adaptation of the "lumbar stiffness disability index" questionnaire into portuguese / Tradução e adaptação do questionário "lumbar stiffness disability index" para o português / Traducción y adaptación del cuestionario "lumbar stiffness disability index" para el portugués

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop a version of the Lumbar Stiffness Disability Index (LSDI), translated into Portuguese and culturally adapted for the Brazilian population. Methods: The well-established process of translation into Portuguese and back translation into English was used together with cultural adaptation. Results: Five bilingual translators (English and Portuguese) performed the translation of the Lumbar Stiffness Disability Index (LSDI) from English to Portuguese based on interactive discussions used to arrive at a consensus translation. The translated version of LSDI was then translated into English by a native English-speaking translator who did not know the concepts involved in LSDI. The original LSDI and back translation were compared by a committee formed by the translators responsible for translating the original into Portuguese and a North-American spine surgeon, and because they were considered equivalent, the final version of the LSDI translated into Portuguese and culturally adapted was defined. Conclusions: In order to facilitate global and cross-cultural comparisons of the influence of lumbar stiffness related to spinal arthrodesis in daily activities, this study presents a version of LSDI that has been translated into Portuguese and culturally adapted for the Brazilian population. Level of Evidence; Not Applicable. Prospective Study.

RESUMO Objetivos: Desenvolver uma versão do Lumbar Stiffness Disability (LSDI) Index, traduzido para o português e culturalmente adaptado para a população brasileira. Métodos: O processo bem estabelecido de tradução para o português e contra-tradução para o inglês foi empregado juntamente com a adaptação cultural. Resultados: Cinco tradutores bilíngües (inglês e português) realizaram a tradução do Lumbar Stiffness Disability Index (LSDI) do inglês para o português baseada em discussões interativas usadas para chegar a uma tradução consensual. A versão traduzida do LSDI foi então traduzida para o inglês por um tradutor nativo de língua inglesa que não sabia os conceitos envolvidos com o LSDI. O LSDI original e a retrotradução foram comparadas por comitê contendo os tradutores responsáveis pela tradução do original para o português e com um cirurgião de coluna vertebral norte americano, e por serem consideradas equivalentes, a versão final do LSDI traduzida para o Português e adaptada culturalmente foi definida. Conclusão: Para facilitar comparações globais e transculturais da influência da rigidez lombar relacionada a artrodese de coluna vertebral nas atividades diárias, este estudo estudo apresenta uma versão do LSDI que foi traduzida para o português e adaptada culturalmente para a população brasileira. Nível de Evodencia; Não Aplicável. Trabalho Prospectivo.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Desarrollar una versión del Lumbar Stiffness Disability Index (LSDI) traducido al portugués y culturalmente adaptada a la población brasileña. Métodos: El proceso bien establecido de la traducción al portugués y viceversa traducida al inglés se utilizó junto con la adaptación cultural. Resultados: Cinco traductores bilingües (inglés y portugués) llevaron a cabo la traducción del Lumbar Stiffness Disability Index (LSDI) del inglés al portugués basada en debates interactivos utilizados para llegar a una traducción consensual. La versión traducida del LSDI fue entonces traducida al inglés por un traductor nativo de lengua inglesa que no conocía los conceptos involucrados con el LSDI. El texto original y la copia de la traducción se compararon por un comité formado por los traductores responsables de la traducción del original al portugués y un cirujano de la columna vertebral norteamericano, y cómo se consideran equivalentes, la versión final traducida al portugués y culturalmente adaptada del LSDI se ha definido. Conclusiones: Para facilitar comparaciones globales y transculturales de la influencia de la rigidez lumbar relacionada con la artrodesis de columna vertebral en las actividades diarias, este estudio presenta una versión del LSDI que ha sido traducida al portugués y culturalmente adaptada a la población brasileña. Nivel de Evidencia; No se aplica. Estudio Prospectivo.

Hip Flexion Weakness following Transpsoas Interbody Fusion

Objective The present work evaluated the motor deficit resulting from the psoas muscle access through the extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) approach. Methods This was a prospective, non-randomized, controlled, single-center study with 60 patients, with a mean age of 61.8 years old. All of the subjects underwent a lateral transpsoas retroperitoneal approach for lumbar interbody fusion with electroneuromyographic guidance and accessing 1 to 3 lumbar levels (mean level, 1.4; 63% cases in only 1 level; 68% cases included L4-L5). The isometric hip flexion strength in the sitting position was determined bilaterally with a handheld dynamometer (Lafayette Instrument, Lafayette, IN, USA). Themean value of three peak forcemeasurements (N) was calculated. Standardized isometric strength tests were performed before the procedure and at 10 days, 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months postsurgery. Results Ipsilateral hip flexion was diminished (p < 0.001) at the early postoperative period, but reached preoperative values at 6 weeks (p > 0.12). The mean hip flexion measures before the procedure and at 10 days, 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after surgery were the following, respectively: 13 N; 9.7 N; 13.7 N; 14.4 N; and 16 N (ipsilateral); 13.3 N; 13.4 N; 15.3 N; 15.9 N; and 16.1 N (contralateral). Neither the level nor the number of treated levels had a clear association with thigh symptoms, but hip flexion weakness was the most common symptom. Conclusions Patients in the early postoperative period of transpsoas access presented hip flexion weakness. However, this weakness was transient, and electroneuromyography use is still imperative in transpsoas access. In addition, patients must be thoroughly educated about hip flexion weakness to prevent falls in the immediate postoperative period.

Full-Videoendoscopic Interlaminar Surgery for the Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniations ­ A Series of 50 Cases

The present study aims to describe the results of full-videoendoscopic surgery through the interlaminar route for central lumbar disc herniation in a series of 50 cases in Brazil. This is a retrospective single-center study. With the aim of describing safety, the present study reports the complication and revision rates. The clinical results were collected with the visual analogue scale (VAS) and with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) (a questionnaire to evaluate functional disability) at the preoperative visit and at 6 months postsurgery. The average surgical time was 20 minutes (range: 9­40 minutes), and 100% of the procedures were performed in an outpatient setting. The mean VAS scores improved from 9.4 to 1.1 (p < 0.001), and the mean ODI scores decreased from 69 to 9 points in the last follow-up (p < 0.001). There was 1 case (2%) with hernia recurrence, 1 case with intraoperative root injury (2%), and 2 cases (4%) that required lumbar fusion due to a preexisting instability. No infections were observed. The full-videoendoscopic surgery is a modern option for treating lumbar disc herniation. In the present study, we have observed that the use of this technique for the removal of fragments affecting the vertebral canal presented satisfactory clinical results, low complication rates, and that it has demonstrated its feasibility in an outpatient setting without prolonged hospitalization.

Lumbar Total Disc Replacement by the Lateral Approach-Up to 10 Years Follow-Up.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze radiologic and clinical results with a minimum 5 years follow-up (FUP) of lateral lumbar total disc replacement for the treatment of symptomatic lumbar degenerative disc disease. METHODS: We performed a prospective, single-center, clinical, and radiologic study. Patients were treated with lumbar total disc replacement (extreme lateral total disc replacement) by a lateral transpsoas approach. From 2005 to 2012, 60 patients were enrolled (31 male, 29 female; total, 66 levels; average age, 42.8 years [standard deviation (SD), 9.7 years, range, 22-64 years]; mean body mass index, 26.0 [SD, 3.4]). Clinical end points included visual analog scale and Oswestry Disability Index questionnaires, complications, and reoperation. Radiographic end points included heterotopic ossification (McAfee classification), adjacent level disease, and prosthesis migration or subluxation. RESULTS: The mean surgical duration was 122 minutes (SD, 45 minutes) with mean 58 mL (SD, 21 mL) of estimated blood loss. No intraoperative complication occurred. The exceptions were 1 patient with postanesthesia apnea and 2 patients with quadriceps motor deficit (resolved within 4 months with physiotherapy). Of 60 patients, 9 were missed to FUP and 51 (85%) were enrolled in the study, with mean FUP of 92 months (range, 60-122 months). In total, 5 levels (9%; 5 of 55) required to be fused. Both removal of the prostheses and interbody fusion were performed by the lateral transpsoas approach. One patient experienced CrCo allergy (at 2 months); 4 experienced persistent pain from different causes (at 7, 9, 24, and 88 months). Five patients (10%) presented with progression at adjacent levels and 2 (4%) required surgery. One patient required sacroiliac fusion at 63 months. There were no complications during the retrieval surgeries. One partial disc migration occurred but the patient refused retrieval. There was no bone bridging in 9% of the discs (grade 0 heterotopic ossification): grade I, 22%; grade II, 31%; grade III, 20%; grade IV (fusion), 18%. Most heterotopic ossification cases (93%) occurred in the lateral aspect of the disc space, and mostly at the contralateral side of the surgical approach. Patient-reported outcomes significantly improved (P < 0.01) at the last FUP. Visual analog scale back pain score was preoperatively 8.5, early postoperatively 2.5, and at last FUP 3.1. Oswestry Disability Index was preoperatively 55%, early postoperatively 31%, and at last FUP 21%. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents mid-term to long-term results of extreme lateral total disc replacement artificial disc for the treatment of lumbar degenerative disease, with fast mobilization, sustained pain relief, and improved physical function. Despite the low rate of ALDis, some discs evolved to ankyloses and others were retrieved. Lumbar artificial disc replacement by the lateral approach seems to be a safe and effective treatment.

Elastomeric Lumbar Total Disc Replacement: Clinical and Radiological Results With Minimum 84 Months Follow-Up.

BACKGROUND: Total lumbar disc replacement (TDR) devices have been designed to maintain motion, but both biomechanical and clinical data have indicated that a more controlled motion and additional load absorption in TDR would be beneficial. This work analyzed long-term results of an elastomeric disc (Physio-L) for degenerative lumbar conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a prospective, noncomparative, single-center clinical and radiological study. A total of 15 patients with predominant low back pain due degenerative disc disease received anterior total disc replacement with a Physio-L disc. Clinical outcomes were assessed both with a visual analog scale for pain and Oswestry Disability Index questionnaires. Radiological outcomes included implant failure, range of motion (ROM), facet degeneration, and adjacent level disease. Complication and reoperation rates were also recorded. The cases were assessed with a minimum follow-up of 84 months. RESULTS: A total of 15 patients were enrolled (20 TDRs)-10 single-level cases (L5S1) and 5 two-level cases (L4L5/L5S1). After 84 months, clinical outcomes scores still demonstrated significant improvement compared with baseline (P < .001). Mean visual analog scale scores dropped from 7.1 to 2.9, and the Oswestry Disability Index improved from 50 to 16. No disc has experienced migration or breakage. The average range of motion value went from a baseline of 12.0° to 13.3° at 12 months, and at the final follow-up it decreased to 9.9°. Regarding the double-level cases, 3 of 5 (60%) had adverse events; just 1 single-level (10%) had adverse events. At final follow-up, radiological signs of facet degeneration were present in 7 of 15 patients (47%) but with only 1 of 15 (6.7%) symptomatic. Two patients (13%) required surgery at the adjacent level. At the 84-month follow-up, 16 of 18 prostheses (89%) were still active (2 revised to fusion and 2 were lost to follow-up). CONCLUSION: The long-term follow-up data shows satisfactory clinical results for the use of Physio-L elastomeric TDR in the treatment of degenerative disc disease. Studies with bigger cohorts are needed to replicate results and add new information regarding other details.

Hérnia medular idiopática atípica ­ relato de caso / Atypical Idiopathic Spine Cord Herniation (ISCH) ­ Case Report

A hérnia medular idiopática (HMI) é uma causa rara de mielopatia progressiva que afeta principalmente mulheres de meia idade com apresentação clínica típica com a Síndrome de Brown-Sequard. Possui etiologia incerta, sendo a teoria mais aceita a de ser um defeito congênito na dura-máter que leva a uma herniação lenta e progressiva da medula que ocasiona uma lesão evolutiva, podendo levar a um déficit irreversível quando subdiagnosticado e não tratado da forma ideal. A realização da ressonância magnética é fundamental para o diagnóstico, e a cirurgia é o tratamento de escolha para reverter e cessar os sintomas mielopáticos. O presente artigo mostra um caso de uma apresentação atípica da localização do defeito dural e da herniação, não descrita ainda na literatura, levando a uma apresentação neurológica e anatômica incomum para esta patologia, obrigando a realizar um planejamento cirúrgico específico para tal caso.

Idiopathic medullary hernia is a rare cause of progressive myelopathy, primarily affecting middle-aged women, typical clinical presentation with Brown-Sequárd Syndrome. Its etiology is uncertain, but the most accepted theory is that a congenital defect in the dura mater leads to a slow and progressive spinal cord herniation, causing an evolutionary spinal cord injury, which can lead to an irreversible deficit when underdiagnosed and not treated adequately. Magnetic resonance imaging is essential for the diagnosis, and surgery is the treatment of choice to reverse and stop myelopathy symptoms. The present article shows a case of an atypical presentation of the location of the dural defect and herniation, not yet described in the literature, leading to an unusual neurologic and anatomical presentation for this pathology, requiring a specific planning for this case.

Rational decision making in a wide scenario of different minimally invasive lumbar interbody fusion approaches and devices.

With the proliferation of a variety of modern MIS spine surgery procedures, it is mandatory that the surgeon dominate all aspects involved in surgical indication. The information related to the decision making in patient selection for specific procedures is mandatory for surgical success. The objective of this study is to present decision-making criteria in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) selection for a variety of patients and pathologies. In this article, practicing surgeons who specialize in various MIS approaches for spinal fusion were engaged to provide expert opinion and literature review on decision making criteria for several MIS procedures. Pros, cons, relative limitations, and case examples are provided for patient selection in treatment with MIS posterolateral fusion (MIS-PLF), mini anterior lumbar interbody fusion (mini-ALIF), lateral interbody fusion (LLIF), MIS posterior lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-PLIF) and MIS transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF). There is a variety of aspects to consider when deciding which modern MIS surgical approach is most appropriate to use based on patient and pathologic characteristics. The surgeon must adapt them to the characteristic of each type of patients, helping them to choose the most effective and efficient therapeutic option for each case.

Alif with auto-locking cage without supplementation - tomographic analysis of interbody bone fusion / Alif com cage autobloqueante sem suplementação - análise tomográfica de fusão óssea intersomática / Alif con caja con autobloqueo sin complementación - análisis tomográfico de fusión ósea intersomática

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this work is to study the fusion rate and complications of the mini-ALIF with an auto-locking device at the L5-S1 level. Methods: Retrospective and radiological study. The inclusion criteria were mini-ALIF in L5-S1 with auto-locking cage, DDD and/or low grade spondylolisthesis. The exclusion criteria were posterior/anterior supplementation; lack of 12-month follow-up images, and previous surgery at L5-S1 level. The primary endpoint was fusion assessed in CT images and/or lateral lumbar flexion/extension radiographs. The secondary endpoint was the revision surgery due to device movement/migration or pseudoarthrosis. Lumbar TCs and radiographs were analyzed during 12 months of follow-up. Fusion was defined according to Bridwell/Lenke classification. Results: Sixty-one cases were included in this study. Complete or ongoing fusion was found in 57 cases (93%). Forty-two of the 61 levels (65%) were completely fused after 12 months. Fifteen levels (28%) had evident bone growth, two levels (3%) showed lysis lines around the implant, and two levels (3%) presented lysis lines and depression. Reoperation for pedicular screw supplementation was necessary in two cases (3%), one with vertebral sliding progression (12 months), and one with symptomatic micro-movement (six months). No implant has undergone migration or expulsion of the disc space. Conclusions: Mini-ALIF in L5-S1 level using an auto-blocking interbody implant construction in cases of low segmental instability results in good interbody fusion index and low failure rate, even without the need for further supplementation, but should not be applied indiscriminately. Evidence Level: IV. Type of study: Case series.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é estudar a taxa de fusão e complicações do mini-ALIF com dispositivo autobloqueante no nível L5S1. Métodos: Estudo radiológico e clínico retrospectivo. Inclusão: mini-ALIF feito em L5S1 com cage autobloqueante; DDD e/ou espondilolistese de baixo grau. Exclusão: suplementação posterior/anterior; falta de imagens de 12 meses; cirurgia prévia no nível L5S1. O desfecho primário foi fusão avaliada em exames de TC e/ou radiografias lombares laterais de flexão/extensão. Desfecho secundário foi cirurgia de revisão, devido movimento/migração do dispositivo ou pseudoartrose. Tomografias e radiografias lombares foram analisadas em 12 meses. Fusão foi definida de acordo com classificação de Bridwell/Lenke. Resultados: 61 casos incluídos neste estudo. Fusão completa ou em curso foi encontrada em 57 casos (93%). 42 dos 61 níveis (65%) estavam completamente fusionados após 12 meses. 15 níveis (28%) tiveram crescimento ósseo evidente, dois níveis (3%) mostraram linhas de lise ao redor do implante, e dois níveis (3%) apresentaram linhas de lise e afundamento. Reoperação para suplementação com parafusos pediculares foi necessária em dois casos (3%) - um com progressão do deslizamento vertebral (12 meses) e outro com micro movimentação sintomático (seis meses). Nenhum implante sofreu migração ou expulsão do espaço discal. Conclusões: mini-ALIF em L5S1 usando uma construção com implante intersomático auto-bloqueante, em casos de baixa instabilidade segmentar, resulta em bom índice de fusão intersomática e baixo índice de falha, mesmo sem a necessidade de suplementação posterior, mas não deve ser aplicado indiscriminadamente. Nivel de Evidência: IV. Tipo de estudo: Série de casos.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la tasa de fusión y las complicaciones de la mini-ALIF con un dispositivo de autobloqueo en el nivel L5-S1. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y radiológico. Los criterios de inclusión fueron mini-ALIF en L5-S1 con caja con mecanismo de autobloqueo, DDD y/o espondilolistesis de bajo grado. Los criterios de exclusión fueron complementación posterior/anterior, falta de imágenes de seguimiento de 12 meses y cirugía previa en el nivel L5-S1. El criterio principal de valoración fue la evaluación de la fusión en imágenes de TC y/ o radiografías lumbares laterales en flexión/extensión. El criterio secundario de valoración fue la cirugía de revisión debido al movimiento/migración del dispositivo o la pseudoartrosis. Las tomografías y radiografías lumbares se analizaron durante 12 meses. La fusión fue definida de acuerdo con la clasificación de Bridwell/Lenke. Resultados: Sesenta y un casos fueron incluidos en este estudio. Se encontró fusión completa o en curso en 57 casos (93%). Cuarenta y dos de los 61 niveles (65%) estaban completamente fusionados después de 12 meses. Quince niveles (28%) tuvieron crecimiento óseo evidente, dos niveles (3%) mostraron líneas de lisis alrededor del implante y dos niveles (3%) presentaron líneas de lisis y hundimiento. La reintervención para la complementación con tornillos pediculares fue necesaria en dos casos (3%), uno con progresión de deslizamiento vertebral (12 meses) y uno con micro-movimiento sintomático (seis meses). Ningún implante ha sufrido migración o expulsión del espacio discal. Conclusiones: La mini-ALIF en nivel L5-S1 utilizando una construcción de implante intersomático con mecanismo de autobloqueo en casos de baja inestabilidad segmentar resulta en buen índice de fusión intersomática y bajo índice de fallo, incluso sin la necesidad de complementación, pero no debe aplicarse indiscriminadamente. Nivel de Evidencia: IV: Tipo de estudio: Serie de Casos.

Workers' compensation is associated with worst clinical results after lumbar fusion / Compensação trabalhista é associada a piores resultados clínicos após artrodese lombar / Compensación laboral es asociada con los peores resultados clínicos después de artrodesis lumbar

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of clinical results with preoperative situation of worker compensation (WC) in patients submitted to spine surgery. Methods: This was a retrospective, comparative, single center study. Patients who underwent lumbar spine arthrodesis were included. The outcomes were pain scores (VAS), physical constraint (ODI) and quality of life (EQ-5D). Outcomes were analyzed before surgery and after surgery (minimum follow-up of six months and maximum of 12). Two groups were compared: individuals with or without WC at preoperative visit. Results: A total of 132 cases were analyzed (mean age 54 years and 51% female), 29 (22%) assigned to the WC group. The groups were matched for age, sex, and preoperative depression levels. In the preoperative period, the groups showed equal pain and physical constraint; however the CT group had lower quality of life (p=0.05). Although both groups showed improvement in clinical outcomes after surgery (p<0.05), worse scores were observed for the WC group compared to the non-WC group, respectively: VAS 4.9 vs. 3.2 (p=0.02), ODI 34.7 vs. 23.4 (p=0.002), and EQ-5D 0.56 vs. 0.75 (p=0.01). Conclusion: In this study it was possible to observe that WC is associated with worse clinical results following elective surgical treatment of the lumbar spine.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação de resultados clínicos à situação pré-operatória de compensação trabalhista (CT) em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de coluna. Métodos: Este estudo foi retrospectivo, comparativo e em único centro. Foram incluídos pacientes que passaram por artrodese da coluna lombar. Os desfechos clínicos foram escores de dor (EVA), restrição física (ODI) e qualidade de vida (EQ-5D). Os desfechos foram analisados antes e depois da cirurgia (acompanhamento mínimo de seis meses e máximo de 12). Dois grupos foram comparados: indivíduos sem ou com CT na visita pré-operatória. Resultados: No total foram analisados 132 casos (média de idade 54 anos e 51% do sexo feminino), sendo 29 (22%) do grupo com CT. Os grupos se mostraram pareados quanto a idade, sexo e nível de depressão pré-operatória. No pré-operatório os grupos se mostraram iguais quanto a dor e restrição física, porém, o grupo com CT apresentava qualidade de vida inferior (p = 0,05). Apesar de os dois grupos terem mostrado melhora nos desfechos clínicos após a cirurgia (p < 0,05), observaram-se piores escores para o grupo com CT comparado com grupo sem CT, respectivamente: EVA 4,9 vs. 3,2 (p = 0,02), ODI 34,7 vs. 23,4 (p = 0,002) e EQ-5D 0,56 vs. 0,75 (p = 0,01). Conclusão: No presente trabalho, foi possível observar que a CT está ligada a piores resultados clínicos após tratamento cirúrgico eletivo da coluna lombar.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación de resultados clínicos con la condición preoperatoria de compensación laboral (CL) en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de columna. Métodos: Este estudio fue retrospectivo, comparativo y en un único centro. Se incluyeron pacientes sometidos a la artrodesis de la columna lumbar. Los parámetros clínicos analizados fueron puntuaciones de dolor (EVA), restricción física (ODI) y calidad de vida (EQ-5D). Esos parámetros se analizaron antes y después de la cirugía (seguimiento mínimo de seis meses y máximo de 12). Se compararon dos grupos: pacientes sin o con CL en la visita preoperatoria. Resultados: En total se analizaron 132 casos (promedio de edad 54 años y 51% del sexo femenino), siendo 29 (22%) del grupo con CL. Los grupos eran pareados en cuanto a edad, sexo y nivel de depresión preoperatoria. En el preoperatorio los grupos se mostraron iguales en cuanto al dolor y restricción física, pero el grupo con CL presentaba calidad de vida inferior (p = 0,05). Aunque los dos grupos hayan mostrado una mejora en los parámetros clínicos después de la cirugía (p < 0,05), se observaron puntuaciones más bajas en el grupo de CL en comparación con el grupo sin CL, respectivamente: EVA 4,9 vs. 3,2 (p = 0,02), ODI 34,7 vs. 23,4 (p = 0,002) y EQ-5D 0,56 vs. 0,75 (p = 0,01). Conclusión: En el presente estudio fue posible observar que la CL está vinculada a peores resultados clínicos después del tratamiento quirúrgico electivo de la columna lumbar.

Stand-alone anterior lumbar interbody fusion - complications and perioperative results.

OBJECTIVES: Historically, anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) was related to high rates of intraoperative complications and adverse events related to interbody devices. In recent decades, there have been technical adjustments, and cages that are more suitable have emerged. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and complication rate of the use of stand-alone mini-ALIF using a self-locking cage. METHODS: Retrospective single center study. Inclusion criteria: retroperitoneal mini-ALIF for single-level fusion (L5S1); self-locking cage; DDD/stenosis and grade I spondylolisthesis. Exclusion criteria: posterior supplementation, previous fusion/arthroplasty. Endpoints: surgery data, intraoperative and perioperative adverse events related both to surgical access and to the intersomatic device. RESULTS: Eighty-seven cases were enrolled. Median surgical time was 90 min; median blood loss was 100 mL. The median length of stay in the ICU was zero days; median hospital stay was one day. Ten cases had an adverse event (11.5%): four major adverse events (4.6%; 3 L bleeding; DVT; retroperitoneal haematoma; incisional hernia), and seven minor events (8%; peritoneum injury; minor vascular injury; events related to the cage). No cases of retrograde ejaculation were observed. There was improvement in pain, physical restriction, and quality of life (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The mini-ALIF procedure performed for single-level fusion at the distal lumbar level demonstrated low adverse event rates related to both the surgical approach and to the intersomatic device, with reduced hospital stay and satisfactory perioperative clinical results.

OBJETIVOS: Historicamente, a fusão intersomática lombar anterior (ALIF) esteve relacionada a altas taxas de complicações intraoperatórias e eventos adversos relacionados aos dispositivos intercorporais. Nas últimas décadas, ocorreram ajustes técnicos que propiciaram o surgimento de cages mais adequadas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as complicações e eficácia do uso de via única por mini-ALIF com uso de cage autobloqueante. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de centro único. Critérios de inclusão: mini-ALIF retroperitoneal para a fusão de nível único (L5S1); cage autobloqueante; DDD/estenose e espondilolistese de baixo grau (grau I). Critérios de exclusão: suplementação posterior; fusão/artroplastia prévia. Foram analisados dados de cirurgia, complicações intra e perioperatórias relacionadas ao acesso cirúrgico e ao dispositivo intersomático. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 87 casos, todos no nível lombar distal. Mediana de tempo cirúrgico: 90 min; mediana de perda sanguínea: 100 mL. A mediana do tempo de internação na UTI foi zero dia; a mediana de internação hospitalar foi de um dia. Dez casos (11,5%) apresentaram eventos adversos, quatro maiores (4,6%; sangramento de 3 L; TVP; haematoma retroperitoneal; hérnia incisional) e sete menores (8%; lesão de peritônio; lesão vascular menor; ocorrências relacionadas ao implante). Nenhum caso de ejaculação retrógrada foi observado. Houve melhoria em dor, restrição física e qualidade de vida (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: O procedimento mini-ALIF feito em um único nível distal lombar apresentou baixas taxas de eventos adversos intra e perioperatórios, tanto quanto à abordagem e ao dispositivo, reduzida estada hospitalar e bons resultados clínicos perioperatórios.

Influence of psychosocial distress in the results of elective lumbar spine surgery.

BACKGROUND: Low back pain can be caused by several pathological entities and its perception can be altered by external factors, for example by some psychological and social factors. The objective of this study was to compare surgical outcomes in patients with or without psychosocial issues. METHODS: Single center, retrospective and comparative study. Patients with indication to elective lumbar spine surgery were screened for some psychosocial factors. As a result of the screening, patients were divided in two groups: mild psychosocial issues (green group) or moderate psychosocial issues (yellow group). The groups were compared using the following variables: demographic and clinical history, depression (HAD-D), anxiety (HAD-A), pain levels [visual analogue scale (VAS)], disability [Oswestry disability index (ODI)] and quality of life [EuroQol 5D (EQ-5D)] at preop and 6-12 months follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 136 patients were included (51% female) in this study. The 62.5% were allocated at the green group, and 37.5% in the yellow group. Similar pain levels were observed at preop, but the green group evolved with superior improvement in pain levels after surgery (P=0.003). In the ODI and EQ-5D scales, the green group had already shown lower clinical disability at preop (P=0.009 and P=0.003, respectively) and evolved with better outcomes at the final evaluation (P=0.049 and P=0.017). VAS, ODI and EQ-5D scores improved from baseline similarly in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Presurgical screening identify the presence of psychological distress. Psychosocial factors are correlated with poorer clinical outcomes, both in the baseline and after the surgery. Despite the differences between found, even patients with mild psychosocial impairment can experience clinical improvement with surgery.

Distance between Great Vessels and the Lumbar Spine: MRI Study for Anterior Longitudinal Ligament Release Through a Lateral Approach.

Objective Anterior column reconstruction using the lateral transpsoas approach requires sectioning of the anterior longitudinal ligament while protecting the great vessels. Our aim was to study the anatomical plane of separation between the retroperitoneal vessels and the anterior aspect of the lumbar spine as they relate to safety in the lateral transpsoas anterior column reconstruction procedure. Method A total of 100 T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations were studied. Measurements were obtained for each vertebral body and for each intervertebral disk levels from L1-L2 to L4-L5, and for these vessels: abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava , and common iliac vessels. The following parameters were obtained: (sagittal) total lumbar lordosis and segmental lordosis; (axial) closest distance (areolar space [AS]) between the lumbar spine and vessels; and position of the great vessels. Results The AS was differently distributed for the abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava. Average values for the inferior vena cava were larger at upper levels (p < 0.001; range: 0.2-9.2 mm), and there were differences between the arteries among the levels (p < 0.001; range: 1.0-4.3 mm) but with no clear difference between the upper and lower lumbar spine. A narrower AS was found at the intervertebral disk level compared with the adjacent vertebral body. At L4-L5, the veins usually lay over the anterior border of the lumbar spine, with substantially wider AS at other lumbar levels. Conclusion The plane between the great vessels and the lumbar spine is differently distributed along the lumbar spine and is especially narrow at lower lumbar levels and in front of the intervertebral disk. The results shown here may help guide surgical decision making for the lateral anterior column reconstruction and may aggregate data from dislocation of the vessels in the lateral decubitus and individualized analysis.

Stand-alone anterior lumbar interbody fusion - complications and perioperative results / Artrodese lombar intersomática anterior por via única - Complicações e resultados perioperatórios

ABSTRACT Objectives: Historically, anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) was related to high rates of intraoperative complications and adverse events related to interbody devices. In recent decades, there have been technical adjustments, and cages that are more suitable have emerged. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and complication rate of the use of stand-alone mini-ALIF using a self-locking cage., Methods: Retrospective single center study. Inclusion criteria: retroperitoneal mini-ALIF for single-level fusion (L5S1); self-locking cage; DDD/stenosis and grade I, spondylolisthesis. Exclusion criteria: posterior supplementation, previous fusion/arthroplasty. Endpoints: surgery data, intraoperative and perioperative adverse events related both to surgical access and to the intersomatic device., Results: Eighty-seven cases were enrolled. Median surgical time was 90 min; median blood loss was 100 mL. The median length of stay in the ICU was zero days; median hospital stay was one day. Ten cases had an adverse event (11.5%): four major adverse events (4.6%; 3 L bleeding; DVT; retroperitoneal haematoma; incisional hernia), and seven minor events (8%; peritoneum injury; minor vascular injury; events related to the cage). No cases of retrograde ejaculation were observed. There was improvement in pain, physical restriction, and quality of life (, p< 0.001). Conclusions: The mini-ALIF procedure performed for single-level fusion at the distal lumbar level demonstrated low adverse event rates related to both the surgical approach and to the intersomatic device, with reduced hospital stay and satisfactory perioperative clinical results.

RESUMO Objetivos: Historicamente, a fusão intersomática lombar anterior (ALIF) esteve relacionada a altas taxas de complicações intraoperatórias e eventos adversos relacionados aos dispositivos intercorporais. Nas últimas décadas, ocorreram ajustes técnicos que propiciaram o surgimento decagesmais adequadas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as complicações e eficácia do uso de via única por mini-ALIF com uso decageautobloqueante. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de centro único. Critérios de inclusão: mini-ALIF retroperitoneal para a fusão de nível único (L5S1);cageautobloqueante; DDD/estenose e espondilolistese de baixo grau (grau I, ). Critérios de exclusão: suplementação posterior; fusão/artroplastia prévia. Foram analisados dados de cirurgia, complicações intra e perioperatórias relacionadas ao acesso cirúrgico e ao dispositivo intersomático. Resultados: Foram incluídos 87 casos, todos no nível lombar distal. Mediana de tempo cirúrgico: 90 min; mediana de perda sanguínea: 100 mL. A mediana do tempo de internação na UTI foi zero dia; a mediana de internação hospitalar foi de um dia. Dez casos (11,5%) apresentaram eventos adversos, quatro maiores (4,6%; sangramento de 3 L; TVP; hematoma retroperitoneal; hérnia incisional) e sete menores (8%; lesão de peritônio; lesão vascular menor; ocorrências relacionadas ao implante). Nenhum caso de ejaculação retrógrada foi observado. Houve melhoria em dor, restrição física e qualidade de vida (p < 0,001). Conclusões: O procedimento mini-ALIF feito em um único nível distal lombar apresentou baixas taxas de eventos adversos intra e perioperatórios, tanto quanto à abordagem e ao dispositivo, reduzida estada hospitalar e bons resultados clínicos perioperatórios.

Reproducibility and equivalence of cobbmeter application in the sagittal evaluation of the spine / Reprodutibilidade e equivalência do aplicativo cobbmeter na avaliação sagital da coluna / Reproducibilidad y equivalencia de la aplicación cobbmeter en la evaluación sagital de la columna vertebral

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aims to evaluate the reliability and equivalency of using the Cobbmeter application for iPhone compared to the manual measurement method in the analysis of the sagittal spinal alignment. Methods: Cross-sectional, prospective, single-center study that had 20 panoramic radiographs of the spine in lateral view, in a neutral standing position, analyzed blindly and randomly by three independent examiners in three different times. The parameters were pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT) and lumbar lordosis (LL). The statistical analysis was performed to measure the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the two measurement methods, in addition to measuring the intra and inter-evaluators reliability. Results: For reproducibility analysis, the intra-evaluators ICC using the application resulted in a Kappa (K) of 0.975 for the evaluation of pelvic incidence (PI) evaluation. For pelvic tilt (PT), the K value obtained was 0.981 and the K measured for lumbar lordosis (LL) analysis was 0.987. The inter-evaluators evaluation of reproducibility using the application resulted in a K value of 0.917 for PI, 0.930 for PT and 0.951 for LL. For the assessment of equivalency of methods, comparing the application to the standard method, with a goniometer and dermographic pencil, the K value found for PI was 0.873, for PV was 0.939 and for LL was 0.914. All values were significant (p<0.001) against the null hypothesis. Conclusion: This smartphone application is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the angle involved in the sagittal balance of the spine. Furthermore, the results show that its applicability is not inferior to the manual method with goniometer and dermographic pencil.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Este trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar la fiabilidad y la equivalencia de utilizar la aplicación Cobbmeter para iPhone en comparación con el método de medición manual en el análisis de la alineación sagital de la columna. Métodos: Estudio transversal, prospectivo, en un solo centro, donde fueron analizadas a ciegas y aleatoriamente 20 radiografías panorámicas de la columna vertebral en vista lateral, en posición ortostática neutra, por tres examinadores independientes en tres ocasiones diferentes. Los parámetros obtenidos fueran: incidencia pélvica (IP), versión pélvica (VP) y lordosis lumbar (LL). Se aplicó análisis estadístico para medir el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) entre los dos métodos de medición, además de medir la fiabilidad intra e inter-observador. Resultados: Para el análisis de la reproducibilidad, el CCI intra-observador, con el uso de la aplicación, resultó en un Kappa (K) de 0,975 para la evaluación de la incidencia pélvica (IP). Para la versión pélvica (VP), el K encontrado fue de 0,981 y el K medido para el análisis de la lordosis lumbar (LL) fue 0,987. La evaluación de la reproducibilidad intra-evaluador, utilizando la aplicación, resultó en K de 0,917 para la evaluación de IP, de 0,930 para VP y de 0,951 para la LL. Para la evaluación de la equivalencia de los métodos, comparándose la aplicación con el método estándar con goniómetro y lápiz dermográfico, el K encontrado en la medición de IP fue 0,873, de la VP fue 0,939 y de la LL fue 0,914. Todos los valores fueran significativos (p < 0,001) contra la hipótesis nula. Conclusión: Esta aplicación para smartphones es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir los ángulos que intervienen en el equilibrio sagital de la columna vertebral. Además, los resultados muestran que su aplicabilidad es no inferior que el método manual con goniómetro y lápiz dermográfico.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este trabalho visa avaliar a confiabilidade e a equivalência da utilização do aplicativo Cobbmeter para iPhone em comparação com o método de medição manual na análise do alinhamento sagital da coluna vertebral. Métodos: Estudo transversal, prospectivo, de centro único, em que foram analisadas, de forma cega e aleatória, 20 radiografias panorâmicas de coluna vertebral em incidência lateral, em posição ortostática neutra, por três examinadores independentes, em três momentos diferentes. Os parâmetros encontrados foram: incidência pélvica (IP), versão pélvica (VP) e lordose lombar (LL). A análise estatística foi aplicada para medir o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) entre os dois métodos de medição, além de medir a confiabilidade intra e interavaliador. Resultados: Para análise de reprodutibilidade, o CCI intra-avaliador, utilizando-se o aplicativo, resultou em um Kappa (K) de 0,975 para a avaliação de incidência pélvica (IP). Para versão pélvica (VP), o K encontrado foi 0,981 e o K medido para a análise de lordose lombar (LL) foi 0,987. A avaliação da reprodutibilidade interavaliador, utilizando-se o aplicativo, resultou em um K de 0,917 para a avaliação da IP, de 0,930 para a VP e de 0,951 para a LL. Para a avaliação de equivalência dos métodos, comparando-se o aplicativo ao método padrão, com goniômetro e lápis dermatográfico, o K encontrado na medição de IP foi 0,873, 0,939 para VP e 0,914 para LL. Todos os valores foram significativos (p < 0,001) contra a hipótese nula. Conclusões: Esse aplicativo para smartphone é um instrumento válido e confiável para a medição dos ângulos envolvidos no equilíbrio sagital da coluna vertebral. Além disso, os resultados mostram que sua aplicabilidade é não inferior ao método manual com goniômetro e lápis dermatográfico.

In which patients is it possible to perform standalone lateral lumbar interbody fusion without cage subsidence? / Em quais pacientes é possível realizar fusão intersomática lombar por via lateral sem subsidência do cage? / Cuáles son los pacientes que pueden ser sometidos a fusión intersomática lumbar por vía lateral sin subsidencia del cage?

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the factors related to the non-occurrence of cage subsidence in standalone lateral lumbar interbody fusion procedures. Methods: Case-control study of single level standalone lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) including 86 cases. Patients without cage subsidence composed the control group (C), while those in the subsidence group (S) developed cage subsidence. Preoperative data were examined to create a risk score based on correlation factors with S group. The proven risk factors were part of an evaluation score. Results: Of the 86 cases included, 72 were in group C and 14 in group S. The following risk factors were more prevalent in group S compared to C group: spondylolisthesis (93% vs 18%; p<0.001); scoliosis (31% vs 12%; p=0.033); women (79% vs 38%; p=0.007); older patients (average 57.0 vs 68.4 years; p=0.001). These risk factors were used in a score (0-4) to evaluate the risk in each case. The patients with higher risk scores had greater subsidence (p<0.001). Scores ≥2 were predictive of subsidence with 92% sensitivity and 72% specificity. Conclusions: It was possible to correlate the degree of subsidence in standalone LLIF procedures using demographic (age and gender) and pathological (spondylolisthesis and scoliosis) data. With a score based on risk factors and considering any score <2, the probability of non-occurrence of subsidence following standalone LLIF (negative predictive value) was 98%.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os fatores relacionados a não ocorrência de subsidência de cage em procedimentos de fusão lombar intersomática por via lateral em um só nível. Métodos: Estudo de caso controle em fusão intersomática lombar por via lateral (LLIF) em um só nível, incluindo 86 casos. Os pacientes sem subsidência do cage formaram o grupo controle (C), enquanto os do grupo subsidência (S) desenvolveram subsidência do cage. Os dados pré-operatórios foram examinados para criar um escore de risco com base em fatores de correlação com o grupo S. Os fatores de risco comprovados fizeram parte de um escore de avaliação. Resultados: Dos 86 casos incluídos, 72 estavam no grupo C e 14 no grupo S. Os seguintes fatores de risco foram mais prevalentes no grupo S com relação ao grupo C: espondilolistese (93% vs. 18%; p < 0,001); escoliose (31% vs. 12%; p = 0,033); mulheres (79% vs. 38%; p = 0,007); pacientes idosos (média de 57,0 vs. 68,4 anos; p = 0,001). Esses fatores de risco foram utilizados em um escore (0-4) para avaliar o risco em cada caso. Os pacientes com escores mais altos de risco tiveram maior subsidência (p < 0,001). Os escores ≥ 2 foram preditivos de subsidência com sensibilidade de 92% e especificidade de 72%. Conclusões: Foi possível correlacionar o grau de subsidência em procedimentos LLIF em um só nível com a utilização de dados demográficos (idade e sexo) e patológicos (espondilolistese e escoliose). Com um escore baseado em fatores de risco e considerando qualquer pontuação <2, a probabilidade de não ocorrência de subsidência depois de LLIF em um só nível (valor preditivo negativo) foi de 98%.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar los factores relacionados con la ausencia de subsidencia de cage en los procedimientos de fusión intersomática lumbar por vía lateral en un solo nivel. Métodos: Estudio de caso-control en la fusión intersomática lumbar por vía lateral (LLIF) en un solo nivel, incluyendo 86 casos. Los pacientes sin subsidencia del cage formaron el grupo control (C), mientras que el grupo de subsidencia (S) desarrolló subsidencia del cage. Los datos preoperatorios fueron examinados para crear una puntuación de riesgo basada en factores de correlación con el grupo S. Los factores de riesgo comprobados formaron parte de una puntuación de evaluación. Resultados: De los 86 casos incluidos, 72 formaron el grupo C y 14 el grupo S. Los siguientes factores de riesgo son más prevalentes en el grupo S con respecto al grupo C: espondilolistesis (93% vs. 18%, p <0,001); escoliosis (31% vs. 12%, p = 0,033); mujeres (79% vs. 38%, p = 0,007); ancianos (media de 57,0 a 68,4 años; p = 0,001). Estos factores de riesgo se utilizaron en una puntuación (0-4) para evaluar el riesgo en cada caso. Los pacientes con puntuaciones más altas de riesgo tuvieron mayor subsidencia (p < 0,001). Las puntuaciones ≥ 2 fueron predictivas de la subsidencia con una sensibilidad del 92% y una especificidad del 72%. Conclusiones: Se ha podido relacionar el grado de subsidencia en los procedimientos LLIF en un solo nivel con el uso de los datos demográficos (edad y sexo) y patológicos (espondilolistesis y escoliosis). Con una puntuación basada en factores de riesgo y considerado un puntaje < 2, la probabilidad de no ocurrencia de subsidencia después de LLIF en un solo nivel (valor predictivo negativo) fue del 98%.